Independent heavy commercial vehicle reference — specifications, segments and operating knowledge.https://truckbusworld.com/https://truckbusworld.com/en/combined-and-intermodal-transport/https://truckbusworld.com/en/combined-and-intermodal-transport/Multimodal, intermodal and combined transport in the words of the UN, EU and statistical texts that define them, the road leg under Directive 92/106/EEC and the state of its revision.Thu, 08 Oct 2026 00:00:00 GMThttps://truckbusworld.com/en/truck-and-bus-glossary/https://truckbusworld.com/en/truck-and-bus-glossary/Short definitions of truck, bus, trailer and road freight terms, each in the words of the EU, UN, national or trade text that defines it, most with a link to a page that covers it further.Thu, 08 Oct 2026 00:00:00 GMThttps://truckbusworld.com/en/vehicle-categories-m-n-o-explained/https://truckbusworld.com/en/vehicle-categories-m-n-o-explained/Category N is a goods vehicle, M a passenger vehicle and O a trailer. The M1 to O4 limits in EU and UN texts, and how Turkish, Spanish, US and British law define trucks and buses.Thu, 08 Oct 2026 00:00:00 GMThttps://truckbusworld.com/en/what-is-a-semi-truck/https://truckbusworld.com/en/what-is-a-semi-truck/A semi truck is a tractor unit coupled to a semi-trailer. How EU, UN, US, British, Turkish and Spanish texts define the tractor, the semi-trailer, the trailer and the combination.Thu, 08 Oct 2026 00:00:00 GMThttps://truckbusworld.com/en/what-is-an-hgv-and-lgv/https://truckbusworld.com/en/what-is-an-hgv-and-lgv/HGV stands for heavy goods vehicle; LGV is large goods vehicle for DVSA, light goods vehicle in DfT vehicle licensing statistics. Where British Acts and GOV.UK set 3.5 t, 7.5 t and 12,000 kg lines.Thu, 08 Oct 2026 00:00:00 GMThttps://truckbusworld.com/en/what-is-logistics/https://truckbusworld.com/en/what-is-logistics/The European Commission's 2006 definition of freight transport logistics, third-party logistics, the logistics operator in Spanish and Turkish law, and how road freight is measured.Thu, 08 Oct 2026 00:00:00 GMThttps://truckbusworld.com/en/models/ford-trucks-f-line/https://truckbusworld.com/en/models/ford-trucks-f-line/Ford Trucks F-LINE trucks from 4x2 to 8x4: road, construction and tractor models with the 9-litre and 12.7-litre Ecotorq engines, from Ford's July 2026 data sheets.Thu, 08 Oct 2026 00:00:00 GMThttps://truckbusworld.com/en/models/otokar-sultan/https://truckbusworld.com/en/models/otokar-sultan/Three lengths from 7,180 to 9,175 mm on a four-cylinder 4.5-litre Cummins: what Otokar publishes for the Sultan Comfort, Mega and Giga midibuses, and where its documents differ.Thu, 08 Oct 2026 00:00:00 GMThttps://truckbusworld.com/en/cbam-and-vehicles/https://truckbusworld.com/en/cbam-and-vehicles/Whether the EU carbon border adjustment mechanism (CBAM) applies to trucks, buses, trailers and their parts today, and which CN codes the 2025 proposal would add from 2028.Wed, 07 Oct 2026 00:00:00 GMThttps://truckbusworld.com/en/models/daf-xf/https://truckbusworld.com/en/models/daf-xf/The New Generation DAF XF since 2021: three cabs, PACCAR MX-11 and MX-13 engines from 270 to 390 kW, 23 UK diesel configurations and the battery-electric XF Electric.Wed, 07 Oct 2026 00:00:00 GMThttps://truckbusworld.com/en/models/freightliner-m2/https://truckbusworld.com/en/models/freightliner-m2/Freightliner's medium-duty M2 from Freightliner and DTNA documents: the M2 106 Plus and M2 112 Plus, Cummins and Detroit engines, axles, Detroit Assurance and the eM2.Wed, 07 Oct 2026 00:00:00 GMThttps://truckbusworld.com/en/models/iveco-daily/https://truckbusworld.com/en/models/iveco-daily/Iveco's 3.5 to 7.2 t van, chassis cab and minibus line: 2.3 and 3.0-litre F1 diesels, a CNG engine, the 8-speed HI-MATIC and the battery-electric eDaily.Wed, 07 Oct 2026 00:00:00 GMThttps://truckbusworld.com/en/models/kenworth-t680/https://truckbusworld.com/en/models/kenworth-t680/Kenworth's on-highway Class 8 tractor from Kenworth and PACCAR documents: MX-13 and MX-11 engines, TX-12 and TX-18 gearboxes, the DX-40 axle, four cab lengths, the T680E and FCEV.Wed, 07 Oct 2026 00:00:00 GMThttps://truckbusworld.com/en/models/man-tgm/https://truckbusworld.com/en/models/man-tgm/MAN's medium distribution truck of the 2020 generation: the D08 six-cylinder, TipMatic and PowerMatic gearboxes, a 12 to 26 t weight range and the announced battery-electric eTGM.Wed, 07 Oct 2026 00:00:00 GMThttps://truckbusworld.com/en/models/mercedes-benz-travego/https://truckbusworld.com/en/models/mercedes-benz-travego/Mercedes-Benz Türk's touring coach for Turkey: the 15 SHD and 16 SHD 2+1 at 12,295 and 13,115 mm, one 335 kW OM 470, a GO 250-8 PowerShift, and the line since 1999.Wed, 07 Oct 2026 00:00:00 GMThttps://truckbusworld.com/en/models/neoplan-tourliner/https://truckbusworld.com/en/models/neoplan-tourliner/Neoplan's touring coach in four bodies from 12,113 to 13,913 mm on one 12.4-litre MAN engine: gearboxes, axles, assistance systems and the Tourliner line since 2003.Wed, 07 Oct 2026 00:00:00 GMThttps://truckbusworld.com/en/models/peterbilt-579/https://truckbusworld.com/en/models/peterbilt-579/Peterbilt's on-highway Class 8 tractor: PACCAR MX-13 and MX-11 engines, TX-12 and TX-18 gearboxes, the DX-40 axle, the UltraLoft sleeper and the battery-electric 579EV.Wed, 07 Oct 2026 00:00:00 GMThttps://truckbusworld.com/en/models/renault-trucks-c/https://truckbusworld.com/en/models/renault-trucks-c/Renault's construction truck: DE11, DE13 and DE13 Turbo Compound engines, Optitrack hydraulic front drive, rigid and tractor configurations and the DE13 R announced for model year 2027.Wed, 07 Oct 2026 00:00:00 GMThttps://truckbusworld.com/en/models/renault-trucks-k/https://truckbusworld.com/en/models/renault-trucks-k/Renault Trucks' heavy construction truck: DE11 and DE13 engines, rigids from 4x2 to 8x8 and tractors to 6x6, Optidriver gearboxes and the DE13 R announced for model year 2027.Wed, 07 Oct 2026 00:00:00 GMThttps://truckbusworld.com/en/models/scania-r-series/https://truckbusworld.com/en/models/scania-r-series/Scania's R long-haul cab in seven versions, the 2026 Scania Dynamic update, 9- to 16-litre diesel and gas engines, the Super 11 and Super 13, and the battery-electric R.Wed, 07 Oct 2026 00:00:00 GMThttps://truckbusworld.com/en/models/setra-comfortclass/https://truckbusworld.com/en/models/setra-comfortclass/Setra's six ComfortClass HD coaches from the 10,465 mm S 511 HD to the 14,945 mm S 519 HD: dimensions, the 10.7-litre OM 470, gearboxes, safety systems and earlier generations.Wed, 07 Oct 2026 00:00:00 GMThttps://truckbusworld.com/en/models/setra-topclass/https://truckbusworld.com/en/models/setra-topclass/Setra's three-axle S 515, S 516 and S 517 HDH and the S 531 DT double-decker: dimensions, the 12.8-litre OM 471 at 350 or 375 kW, gearboxes, safety systems and earlier generations.Wed, 07 Oct 2026 00:00:00 GMThttps://truckbusworld.com/en/models/shacman-x6000/https://truckbusworld.com/en/models/shacman-x6000/SHACMAN's heavy tractor of the 6000 series: high- and flat-roof cabs, Weichai and Cummins engines of 480 to 560 hp, AMT and manual gearboxes, axles, weights and equipment.Wed, 07 Oct 2026 00:00:00 GMThttps://truckbusworld.com/en/models/sitrak-c7h/https://truckbusworld.com/en/models/sitrak-c7h/Sinotruk's SITRAK C7H line as its Russian site describes it: the C7H MAX tractors, all-wheel-drive and rigid versions, cabs, MC and MT engines, gearboxes and axles.Wed, 07 Oct 2026 00:00:00 GMThttps://truckbusworld.com/en/models/temsa-maraton/https://truckbusworld.com/en/models/temsa-maraton/Temsa's two-axle coach in two lengths, the Maraton 12 and 13 at 12,365 and 13,080 mm, with a DAF MX11 of 300 or 330 kW, ZF Ecoshift or Traxon, and the line since 1987.Wed, 07 Oct 2026 00:00:00 GMThttps://truckbusworld.com/en/models/volvo-fm/https://truckbusworld.com/en/models/volvo-fm/The 2020-generation Volvo FM with D11, D13 and G13 engines and the battery-electric FM Electric: cabs, I-Shift gearboxes, axles and weights as Volvo's own documents give them.Wed, 07 Oct 2026 00:00:00 GMThttps://truckbusworld.com/en/ees-and-etias-for-truck-and-bus-drivers/https://truckbusworld.com/en/ees-and-etias-for-truck-and-bus-drivers/The EES has registered non-EU drivers at Schengen external borders since 12 October 2025; ETIAS has no start date yet. What each requires of truck and coach drivers and coach operators.Tue, 06 Oct 2026 00:00:00 GMThttps://truckbusworld.com/en/eu-battery-regulation-for-trucks-and-buses/https://truckbusworld.com/en/eu-battery-regulation-for-trucks-and-buses/Which truck, bus and trailer batteries Regulation (EU) 2023/1542 covers, what applies now, what starts on 18 February 2027 and what still waits for Commission acts.Tue, 06 Oct 2026 00:00:00 GMThttps://truckbusworld.com/en/france-blind-spot-signs-angles-morts/https://truckbusworld.com/en/france-blind-spot-signs-angles-morts/Since 1 January 2021 vehicles over 3.5 t in France must carry angles morts signs on the sides and rear: the legal texts, which vehicles, where the signs go, exemptions and the fine.Tue, 06 Oct 2026 00:00:00 GMThttps://truckbusworld.com/en/t1-transit-document-and-ncts/https://truckbusworld.com/en/t1-transit-document-and-ncts/How T1 transit moves goods under customs control with duties suspended: T1 and T2, the 1987 Convention and its parties, the guarantee, NCTS phase 5 and the MRN.Tue, 06 Oct 2026 00:00:00 GMThttps://truckbusworld.com/en/fire-engines-on-truck-chassis/https://truckbusworld.com/en/fire-engines-on-truck-chassis/What EN 1846, EN 14043 and EN 1777 cover, the L, M and S mass classes, German and Turkish rules, the chassis truck makers offer for fire service and the electric appliances now running.Thu, 01 Oct 2026 00:00:00 GMThttps://truckbusworld.com/en/how-many-pallets-fit-in-a-trailer/https://truckbusworld.com/en/how-many-pallets-fit-in-a-trailer/Euro pallets on a European semi-trailer with a 13,620 mm floor and 48 x 40 inch pallets in a 53-foot US dry van: the footprints, the makers' load-space figures, what fits.Thu, 01 Oct 2026 00:00:00 GMThttps://truckbusworld.com/en/refuse-collection-vehicles/https://truckbusworld.com/en/refuse-collection-vehicles/What EN 1501 covers for rear, side and front loaders, how EU type approval codes a refuse truck, and the chassis, bodies and electric versions makers publish.Thu, 01 Oct 2026 00:00:00 GMThttps://truckbusworld.com/en/road-freight-carbon-footprint-iso-14083/https://truckbusworld.com/en/road-freight-carbon-footprint-iso-14083/How EU law now defines the greenhouse gas figure of a transport service: EN ISO 14083:2023 as the method, primary and secondary data, CO2e per tonne-kilometre, and the 2030 start.Thu, 01 Oct 2026 00:00:00 GMThttps://truckbusworld.com/en/road-sweepers-and-water-tankers/https://truckbusworld.com/en/road-sweepers-and-water-tankers/Why EN 13019 gave way to EN 17106, what EN 15429 and the PM10 label measure, the chassis makers prepare for sweepers, the body builders, water tankers and electric sweepers.Thu, 01 Oct 2026 00:00:00 GMThttps://truckbusworld.com/en/sewer-cleaning-and-vacuum-trucks/https://truckbusworld.com/en/sewer-cleaning-and-vacuum-trucks/What vacuum tankers and combination sewer cleaners are, why no EN standard covers them, the ADR rules for vacuum-operated waste tanks, the chassis, the body builders and electric units.Thu, 01 Oct 2026 00:00:00 GMThttps://truckbusworld.com/en/tipper-trucks/https://truckbusworld.com/en/tipper-trucks/Why no EN standard covers the tipper body, what machinery law requires, the chassis truck makers offer for tippers, the body builders, tipping stability and electric tippers.Thu, 01 Oct 2026 00:00:00 GMThttps://truckbusworld.com/en/truck-driving-bans-in-europe/https://truckbusworld.com/en/truck-driving-bans-in-europe/Weekend, holiday, summer and night bans for heavy trucks in 15 European countries: which vehicles, which roads and hours, the extra days of 2026 and what is known about 2027.Thu, 01 Oct 2026 00:00:00 GMThttps://truckbusworld.com/en/truck-mixers-and-concrete-pumps/https://truckbusworld.com/en/truck-mixers-and-concrete-pumps/What EN 12609 and EN 12001 cover, how EU type approval codes a mixer and a pump truck, the chassis and PTOs makers offer for concrete work, and the electric mixers now running.Thu, 01 Oct 2026 00:00:00 GMThttps://truckbusworld.com/en/truck-tolls-in-europe-and-the-eurovignette/https://truckbusworld.com/en/truck-tolls-in-europe-and-the-eurovignette/Where heavy trucks still buy a Eurovignette and where they pay by the kilometre: who pays, on which roads and how, in twelve countries, and the EU dates ahead.Thu, 01 Oct 2026 00:00:00 GMThttps://truckbusworld.com/en/truck-tyre-markings-explained/https://truckbusworld.com/en/truck-tyre-markings-explained/What UN Regulations 54, 117 and 109 put on the sidewall of a truck or bus tyre — size, service description, snow symbols, FRT and the date code — and how the US DOT code differs.Thu, 01 Oct 2026 00:00:00 GMThttps://truckbusworld.com/en/truck-tyre-tread-depth-and-age/https://truckbusworld.com/en/truck-tyre-tread-depth-and-age/Why EU law sets no tread depth for heavy vehicles, the minimums in Austria, Germany, Great Britain, Spain, Sweden and Türkiye, and Britain's ten-year age limit for front-axle tyres.Thu, 01 Oct 2026 00:00:00 GMThttps://truckbusworld.com/en/winter-tyres-and-snow-chains-for-trucks/https://truckbusworld.com/en/winter-tyres-and-snow-chains-for-trucks/When heavy trucks and buses need winter tyres or chains in Austria, France, Germany, Italy, Spain, Sweden, Türkiye and Russia, on which axles, and whether M+S or 3PMSF counts.Thu, 01 Oct 2026 00:00:00 GMThttps://truckbusworld.com/en/models/freightliner-cascadia/https://truckbusworld.com/en/models/freightliner-cascadia/The fifth-generation Cascadia as Freightliner specifies it: Detroit DD13 and DD15 in Gen 5 and Gen 6 form, the Cummins X15N, two cab lengths, 12-speed automated gearboxes and ABA6.Thu, 01 Oct 2026 00:00:00 GMThttps://truckbusworld.com/en/cdl-classes-and-endorsements/https://truckbusworld.com/en/cdl-classes-and-endorsements/The commercial driver's license under 49 CFR Part 383: the 26,001-pound line for Class A and B, when Class C applies, the endorsement codes, the learner's permit and training.Wed, 30 Sep 2026 00:00:00 GMThttps://truckbusworld.com/en/clean-air-zones-and-lorries/https://truckbusworld.com/en/clean-air-zones-and-lorries/Which English Clean Air Zones charge HGVs, buses and coaches, what London's LEZ costs a lorry below Euro VI, and how Scotland's four LEZs fine instead of charging.Wed, 30 Sep 2026 00:00:00 GMThttps://truckbusworld.com/en/gvwr-gcwr-and-gawr-explained/https://truckbusworld.com/en/gvwr-gcwr-and-gawr-explained/GVWR is the maximum loaded weight a manufacturer specifies for a single vehicle. GVWR, GCWR and GAWR in US federal rules, the GVWR classes from Class 3 up, and why 10,001 and 26,001 pounds matter.Wed, 30 Sep 2026 00:00:00 GMThttps://truckbusworld.com/en/how-much-does-a-semi-truck-weigh/https://truckbusworld.com/en/how-much-does-a-semi-truck-weigh/The federal limits for a loaded semi-truck on the Interstate System: 80,000 pounds gross, 20,000 on a single axle, 34,000 on a tandem, and how the bridge formula can lower them.Wed, 30 Sep 2026 00:00:00 GMThttps://truckbusworld.com/en/semi-truck-dimensions/https://truckbusworld.com/en/semi-truck-dimensions/How long, wide and tall a semi-truck may be in the US: the 48-foot and 28-foot trailer minimums, no overall length limit on the National Network, 102 inches wide, State height limits.Wed, 30 Sep 2026 00:00:00 GMThttps://truckbusworld.com/en/afir-truck-charging-targets/https://truckbusworld.com/en/afir-truck-charging-targets/What Regulation (EU) 2023/1804 requires for heavy-duty charging: TEN-T pools, safe and secure parking areas, urban nodes, the derogations, the 350 kW rule and the 2026 review.Tue, 29 Sep 2026 00:00:00 GMThttps://truckbusworld.com/en/charging-electric-trucks-and-buses/https://truckbusworld.com/en/charging-electric-trucks-and-buses/How electric trucks and buses charge at the depot, by opportunity charging and in the driver's break: power classes, connectors, AFIR targets, public networks and grid lead times.Tue, 29 Sep 2026 00:00:00 GMThttps://truckbusworld.com/en/clean-vehicles-directive-public-bus-procurement/https://truckbusworld.com/en/clean-vehicles-directive-public-bus-procurement/What Directive 2009/33/EC, as amended by (EU) 2019/1161, requires of public bus procurement: two reference periods, clean and zero-emission definitions, each Member State's bus share.Tue, 29 Sep 2026 00:00:00 GMThttps://truckbusworld.com/en/depot-charging-for-electric-trucks/https://truckbusworld.com/en/depot-charging-for-electric-trucks/What charging power a truck depot uses, what a grid connection involves and how long extending one takes in Germany, from NOW's depot guides, Scania and the AFIR text.Tue, 29 Sep 2026 00:00:00 GMThttps://truckbusworld.com/en/electric-bus-depot-charging-and-preconditioning/https://truckbusworld.com/en/electric-bus-depot-charging-and-preconditioning/How bus makers describe charging electric buses in the depot and preparing them for departure: charger layouts, charging management, preconditioning and Omniplus's recommendation on full batteries.Tue, 29 Sep 2026 00:00:00 GMThttps://truckbusworld.com/en/electric-buses-explained/https://truckbusworld.com/en/electric-buses-explained/How a battery-electric city bus is built and charged, what makers declare for range, and what ACEA, ICCT, T&E, IEA and EU law say about electric buses in Europe.Tue, 29 Sep 2026 00:00:00 GMThttps://truckbusworld.com/en/electric-truck-maintenance-vs-diesel/https://truckbusworld.com/en/electric-truck-maintenance-vs-diesel/What Volvo's service-contract lists drop and keep when a truck goes electric, how Volvo, MAN and Scania describe intervals, and what Great Britain's DVSA checks differently.Tue, 29 Sep 2026 00:00:00 GMThttps://truckbusworld.com/en/ets2-and-road-transport/https://truckbusworld.com/en/ets2-and-road-transport/What the EU's separate emissions trading system, ETS2, covers on the road, who must surrender allowances, and what the texts say about the start moving to 2028.Tue, 29 Sep 2026 00:00:00 GMThttps://truckbusworld.com/en/eu-co2-standards-for-trucks-and-buses/https://truckbusworld.com/en/eu-co2-standards-for-trucks-and-buses/What Regulation (EU) 2019/1242 asks of truck, bus and trailer makers: the 2024 amendment's two sets of 2030–2040 percentages, the manufacturer mechanism, and what the 2026 credit amendment changed.Tue, 29 Sep 2026 00:00:00 GMThttps://truckbusworld.com/en/heavy-vehicle-powertrains-explained/https://truckbusworld.com/en/heavy-vehicle-powertrains-explained/What ACEA's registrations, the IEA's outlooks, EU law and makers' own programmes say about battery-electric, hydrogen and combustion trucks and buses — with no verdict.Tue, 29 Sep 2026 00:00:00 GMThttps://truckbusworld.com/en/how-electric-truck-battery-warranties-are-defined/https://truckbusworld.com/en/how-electric-truck-battery-warranties-are-defined/Months, kilometres, charging cycles, energy use and a state-of-health threshold: how Mercedes-Benz, Renault Trucks, DAF, IVECO and Daimler Buses state battery cover, and what MAN forecasts.Tue, 29 Sep 2026 00:00:00 GMThttps://truckbusworld.com/en/how-euro-ncap-tests-trucks/https://truckbusworld.com/en/how-euro-ncap-tests-trucks/Euro NCAP's truck rating as it publishes it: the areas scored, how stars and the CitySafe award are set, and its 14 September 2026 results, each with its rated variant.Tue, 29 Sep 2026 00:00:00 GMThttps://truckbusworld.com/en/hydrogen-fuel-cell-buses-and-coaches/https://truckbusworld.com/en/hydrogen-fuel-cell-buses-and-coaches/Fuel cell, battery, hydrogen tanks, declared range and refuelling time for the fuel-cell buses and coach that Irizar, Karsan, Mercedes-Benz, Otokar, Solaris and Wrightbus publish.Tue, 29 Sep 2026 00:00:00 GMThttps://truckbusworld.com/en/hydrogen-refuelling-for-trucks-in-europe/https://truckbusworld.com/en/hydrogen-refuelling-for-trucks-in-europe/What AFIR Article 6 requires of hydrogen stations by 2030: 200 km, 1 tonne per day, 700 bar, core network only. And how the station counts in circulation are defined.Tue, 29 Sep 2026 00:00:00 GMThttps://truckbusworld.com/en/hydrogen-trucks-fuel-cell-vs-combustion/https://truckbusworld.com/en/hydrogen-trucks-fuel-cell-vs-combustion/How a fuel-cell truck differs from a hydrogen combustion truck, how the hydrogen is stored and where each maker says its programme stands, every figure attributed.Tue, 29 Sep 2026 00:00:00 GMThttps://truckbusworld.com/en/opportunity-charging-electric-buses-pantographs/https://truckbusworld.com/en/opportunity-charging-electric-buses-pantographs/What opportunity charging is, where the pantograph sits, what SAE J3105, EN 50696 and AFIR Annex II say about it, and one maker's charging figures.Tue, 29 Sep 2026 00:00:00 GMThttps://truckbusworld.com/en/regenerative-braking-in-trucks-and-buses/https://truckbusworld.com/en/regenerative-braking-in-trucks-and-buses/How UN R13 defines regenerative braking, how DAF, Mercedes-Benz, Volvo, MAN and Ford describe its levels, and how DVSA's manuals treat it at the annual test in Great Britain.Tue, 29 Sep 2026 00:00:00 GMThttps://truckbusworld.com/en/rescue-sheets-for-electric-trucks-and-buses/https://truckbusworld.com/en/rescue-sheets-for-electric-trucks-and-buses/What rescue sheets and emergency response guides for electric trucks and buses are, where Volvo, Renault, Mercedes-Benz, Scania and DAF publish them, and what they contain.Tue, 29 Sep 2026 00:00:00 GMThttps://truckbusworld.com/en/running-electric-trucks-and-buses/https://truckbusworld.com/en/running-electric-trucks-and-buses/What makers' service lists, battery warranty terms, high-voltage qualification rules, recuperation settings and rescue documents say about running electric trucks and buses.Tue, 29 Sep 2026 00:00:00 GMThttps://truckbusworld.com/en/tachograph-symbols-explained/https://truckbusworld.com/en/tachograph-symbols-explained/The pictograms a smart tachograph may show, as Appendix 3 of Annex IC to Implementing Regulation (EU) 2016/799 lists them, and which amendments added which entries.Tue, 29 Sep 2026 00:00:00 GMThttps://truckbusworld.com/en/what-is-hvo-fuel/https://truckbusworld.com/en/what-is-hvo-fuel/What HVO is, what the EN 15940 standard for paraffinic diesel covers, what Germany's fuel ordinance says about paraffinic diesel, and what truck and bus makers state about HVO.Tue, 29 Sep 2026 00:00:00 GMThttps://truckbusworld.com/en/what-is-vecto/https://truckbusworld.com/en/what-is-vecto/VECTO, the Commission's heavy-duty CO2 and fuel consumption simulation tool: the regulation behind it, its inputs, three output files, where the result is used, and versions on 29 September 2026.Tue, 29 Sep 2026 00:00:00 GMThttps://truckbusworld.com/en/who-may-work-on-high-voltage-trucks-and-buses/https://truckbusworld.com/en/who-may-work-on-high-voltage-trucks-and-buses/Who the German DGUV guidance lets work on high-voltage vehicles, level by level with minimum training units, and what Britain's law and the IMI's TechSafe scheme say.Tue, 29 Sep 2026 00:00:00 GMThttps://truckbusworld.com/en/models/bmc-procity-plus-electric/https://truckbusworld.com/en/models/bmc-procity-plus-electric/What BMC's technical page gives for the 12-metre and 18-metre Procity+ electric buses: VEM motor, NMC and LFP batteries, CCS2 and pantograph charging, dimensions, capacity.Tue, 29 Sep 2026 00:00:00 GMThttps://truckbusworld.com/en/models/hyundai-xcient-fuel-cell/https://truckbusworld.com/en/models/hyundai-xcient-fuel-cell/The European XCIENT Fuel Cell's twin fuel-cell system, 350-bar hydrogen store, motor, battery, 4x2 and 6x2 dimensions, weights and safety systems, from Hyundai's own documents.Tue, 29 Sep 2026 00:00:00 GMThttps://truckbusworld.com/en/models/karsan-e-ata-hydrogen/https://truckbusworld.com/en/models/karsan-e-ata-hydrogen/Karsan's 12-metre fuel-cell city bus: a 97 kW fuel cell, a 43.5 kWh LTO battery, a 1,687-litre hydrogen tank, 250 kW maximum power and a stated range of 500+ km.Tue, 29 Sep 2026 00:00:00 GMThttps://truckbusworld.com/en/models/mercedes-benz-eintouro/https://truckbusworld.com/en/models/mercedes-benz-eintouro/Daimler Buses' battery-electric high-floor intercity bus in two lengths: one or two 207 kWh LFP packs, a ZF central drive of 320 kW and the conditions behind 'up to 500 km'.Tue, 29 Sep 2026 00:00:00 GMThttps://truckbusworld.com/en/adr-driver-training-certificate/https://truckbusworld.com/en/adr-driver-training-certificate/ADR 2025 Chapter 8.2: which drivers must hold the driver training certificate, the basic and specialisation courses, the examination, validity, renewal and the changes proposed for 2027.Mon, 28 Sep 2026 00:00:00 GMThttps://truckbusworld.com/en/battery-chemistries-in-heavy-trucks/https://truckbusworld.com/en/battery-chemistries-in-heavy-trucks/What LFP, NMC and NCA stand for, and which chemistry BYD, DAF, Ford Trucks, IVECO, MAN, Mercedes-Benz Trucks and Renault Trucks state in their own documents, with each date.Mon, 28 Sep 2026 00:00:00 GMThttps://truckbusworld.com/en/cmr-consignment-note-explained/https://truckbusworld.com/en/cmr-consignment-note-explained/The 1956 CMR Convention confirms an international road haulage contract by a consignment note in three original copies. Contents, evidential value, liability limit and the 2008 e-CMR Protocol.Mon, 28 Sep 2026 00:00:00 GMThttps://truckbusworld.com/en/digital-tachograph-and-driver-card/https://truckbusworld.com/en/digital-tachograph-and-driver-card/What Regulation (EU) No 165/2014 says a digital tachograph records, what the four tachograph cards are for, what happens when a driver card is lost or expires, and what a roadside check asks for.Mon, 28 Sep 2026 00:00:00 GMThttps://truckbusworld.com/en/driver-cpc-in-great-britain/https://truckbusworld.com/en/driver-cpc-in-great-britain/How GOV.UK describes the Driver CPC for lorry, bus and coach drivers in Great Britain: the five tests, 35 hours every five years, the two card types and the exemptions.Mon, 28 Sep 2026 00:00:00 GMThttps://truckbusworld.com/en/electric-tractor-units-declared-values/https://truckbusworld.com/en/electric-tractor-units-declared-values/Battery capacity, range with its stated condition, charging and production stage for 14 electric tractor-unit rows from nine makers, as their own documents declare. No ranking.Mon, 28 Sep 2026 00:00:00 GMThttps://truckbusworld.com/en/electric-trucks-explained/https://truckbusworld.com/en/electric-trucks-explained/How battery-electric trucks are built, what installed and usable kWh and range footnotes mean, where they charge, and the EU market figures and rules behind them.Mon, 28 Sep 2026 00:00:00 GMThttps://truckbusworld.com/en/goods-vehicle-operator-licences-great-britain/https://truckbusworld.com/en/goods-vehicle-operator-licences-great-britain/Who needs a GB goods vehicle operator licence, what restricted, standard national and standard international allow, the financial standing in pounds and the transport manager rules.Mon, 28 Sep 2026 00:00:00 GMThttps://truckbusworld.com/en/hgv-licences-in-great-britain/https://truckbusworld.com/en/hgv-licences-in-great-britain/The four GB lorry licence categories C1, C1E, C and CE, their minimum ages, the D4 medical, the theory and driving tests, and renewal, as DVLA and DVSA set them.Mon, 28 Sep 2026 00:00:00 GMThttps://truckbusworld.com/en/hgv-road-user-levy/https://truckbusworld.com/en/hgv-road-user-levy/Which lorries pay the UK HGV Road User Levy (12,000 kg or more), the three weight bands, the rates in force from 1 April 2026, how UK and foreign vehicles pay, exemptions and the fine.Mon, 28 Sep 2026 00:00:00 GMThttps://truckbusworld.com/en/how-electric-truck-range-is-declared/https://truckbusworld.com/en/how-electric-truck-range-is-declared/Internal tests, the EU's VECTO output file, WLTP, 'up to', 'typical' and ranges by weight: the bases on which makers state electric-truck range, each with its stated conditions.Mon, 28 Sep 2026 00:00:00 GMThttps://truckbusworld.com/en/installed-vs-usable-battery-capacity/https://truckbusworld.com/en/installed-vs-usable-battery-capacity/Why electric-truck data sheets print two kWh figures, what each maker calls them, which makers publish one, the other or both, and how depth of discharge links them.Mon, 28 Sep 2026 00:00:00 GMThttps://truckbusworld.com/en/london-direct-vision-standard/https://truckbusworld.com/en/london-direct-vision-standard/What Transport for London's Direct Vision Standard measures, which HGVs over 12 tonnes need a safety permit in Greater London, and what changed on 28 October 2024.Mon, 28 Sep 2026 00:00:00 GMThttps://truckbusworld.com/en/swap-bodies-explained/https://truckbusworld.com/en/swap-bodies-explained/A swap body is a freight unit optimised to road vehicle dimensions, with handling devices for transfer between modes. What the glossary, EN 284 entries and makers' data sheets say.Mon, 28 Sep 2026 00:00:00 GMThttps://truckbusworld.com/en/tir-carnet-explained/https://truckbusworld.com/en/tir-carnet-explained/What the TIR Convention of 1975 and the TIR carnet are: the procedure, the carnet, approved vehicles, the guarantee chain, who may use it, and eTIR.Mon, 28 Sep 2026 00:00:00 GMThttps://truckbusworld.com/en/models/ford-trucks-f-line-e/https://truckbusworld.com/en/models/ford-trucks-f-line-e/Ford Trucks F-LINE E, 4x2 / 6x2: 294 / 392 kWh installed, 235 / 314 kWh usable, NMC, 235 / 310 kW continuous, CCS2 up to 213 / 285 kW, 19,000 / 27,000 kg technically permissible.Mon, 28 Sep 2026 00:00:00 GMThttps://truckbusworld.com/en/models/volvo-fh-aero-electric/https://truckbusworld.com/en/models/volvo-fh-aero-electric/E-axle at 420 or 460 kW, six-speed gearbox, 585 or 780 kWh installed, up to 725 kWh usable, up to 700 km and 700 kW MCS — plus Volvo's 80-tonne rigid variant.Mon, 28 Sep 2026 00:00:00 GMThttps://truckbusworld.com/en/models/daf-xg-electric/https://truckbusworld.com/en/models/daf-xg-electric/DAF XG and XG+ Electric: PACCAR EX-D2 drive at 270, 310 or 350 kW, three-speed transmission, three to five LFP packs of 315–525 kWh, seven configurations and CCS2 charging.Fri, 18 Sep 2026 00:00:00 GMThttps://truckbusworld.com/en/models/renault-trucks-e-tech-t/https://truckbusworld.com/en/models/renault-trucks-e-tech-t/Three tractor versions, 540 to 784 kWh on Renault's own sheets, up to 660 km for the T 780 with no stated basis and two differing motor-power figures — what Renault Trucks publishes.Fri, 18 Sep 2026 00:00:00 GMThttps://truckbusworld.com/en/models/man-etgx/https://truckbusworld.com/en/models/man-etgx/Six-pack 4x2 tractor: 534 kWh installed against 480 kWh usable, 570 km on MAN's stated basis, MCS at 750 kW since July 2026 — and a new eTGX shown at IAA 2026 with no order date.Thu, 17 Sep 2026 00:00:00 GMThttps://truckbusworld.com/en/truck-driving-licences-explained/https://truckbusworld.com/en/truck-driving-licences-explained/What categories C1, C1E, C and CE cover, the minimum ages that apply today with and without a CPC, and what Directive (EU) 2025/2205 changes, and from when.Wed, 16 Sep 2026 00:00:00 GMThttps://truckbusworld.com/en/models/scania-xt/https://truckbusworld.com/en/models/scania-xt/Six engine families on Scania's UK page, two V8 power ladders, fourteen wheel formulas and rear-axle-gear weight capacities but no model weight — the Scania XT construction specification in detail.Wed, 16 Sep 2026 00:00:00 GMThttps://truckbusworld.com/en/models/ford-trucks-f-max/https://truckbusworld.com/en/models/ford-trucks-f-max/One 12.7-litre Ecotorq at a single rating, sixteen forward speeds and three variants of one 4x2 tractor — what Ford publishes about the F-MAX, and what it does not.Tue, 08 Sep 2026 00:00:00 GMThttps://truckbusworld.com/en/models/irizar-i6s/https://truckbusworld.com/en/models/irizar-i6s/Ten configurations from 10,780 to 14,980 mm on five engine steps, a weight Irizar published as a range rather than a single figure, and the figures its own two documents contradict.Tue, 08 Sep 2026 00:00:00 GMThttps://truckbusworld.com/en/models/iveco-crossway/https://truckbusworld.com/en/models/iveco-crossway/Three lengths, five versions and diesel, gas, hybrid and electric drivelines on one intercity nameplate — what the Crossway data sheets publish and where two editions disagree.Tue, 08 Sep 2026 00:00:00 GMThttps://truckbusworld.com/en/models/iveco-eurocargo/https://truckbusworld.com/en/models/iveco-eurocargo/Seven diesel power steps across two Tector families, a gas engine with no published kilowatt figure, and two automatics but no automated manual in Iveco's current brochures.Tue, 08 Sep 2026 00:00:00 GMThttps://truckbusworld.com/en/models/iveco-s-way/https://truckbusworld.com/en/models/iveco-s-way/Two diesel families, two natural-gas engines and no gross combination weight in any Iveco document we could open — the S-Way's engines, cabs, axle layouts and gas tanks from Iveco's documents.Tue, 08 Sep 2026 00:00:00 GMThttps://truckbusworld.com/en/models/iveco-t-way/https://truckbusworld.com/en/models/iveco-t-way/Two FPT diesels across four ratings, six axle configurations from 4x4 to 8x8, and a gross combination weight that Iveco's UK pages, brochure and launch release do not give.Tue, 08 Sep 2026 00:00:00 GMThttps://truckbusworld.com/en/models/koegel-cargo/https://truckbusworld.com/en/models/koegel-cargo/The NOVUM-generation Kögel Cargo curtainsider: ten variants with frame neck, fifth-wheel, axle-unit and total ratings, tare and deck length, bodies, floor, axle data and options.Tue, 08 Sep 2026 00:00:00 GMThttps://truckbusworld.com/en/models/krone-profi-liner/https://truckbusworld.com/en/models/krone-profi-liner/Krone's Profi Liner curtainsider in the SDP 27 eLB50-CS specification — a 5,940 kg tare, four published weights, and a rating that is not a road limit.Tue, 08 Sep 2026 00:00:00 GMThttps://truckbusworld.com/en/models/man-lions-city/https://truckbusworld.com/en/models/man-lions-city/Ten data sheets, seven body lengths and three drivelines on one city bus programme — the figures MAN publishes, the two its own documents contradict, and what its documents leave out.Tue, 08 Sep 2026 00:00:00 GMThttps://truckbusworld.com/en/models/man-lions-coach/https://truckbusworld.com/en/models/man-lions-coach/Four bodies from 12,101 to 13,901 mm on one 12.4-litre engine, their turning circles, and the Euro step MAN prints on no data sheet.Tue, 08 Sep 2026 00:00:00 GMThttps://truckbusworld.com/en/models/man-tgl/https://truckbusworld.com/en/models/man-tgl/MAN's light distribution truck: D08 engines, TipMatic gearboxes and MAN Truck & Bus UK's GB bodybuilder plates from 7.5 to 12 tonnes, read from the maker's own sheets.Tue, 08 Sep 2026 00:00:00 GMThttps://truckbusworld.com/en/models/man-tgs/https://truckbusworld.com/en/models/man-tgs/Every axle configuration MAN builds, three engine families and a top engine MAN does not offer on a tipper — what the TGS is, how MAN plates it, and how MAN designates its chassis.Tue, 08 Sep 2026 00:00:00 GMThttps://truckbusworld.com/en/models/mercedes-benz-arocs/https://truckbusworld.com/en/models/mercedes-benz-arocs/Four engine families, twelve wheel configurations and a maker that publishes no combination weight — what the Arocs is and what Mercedes-Benz publishes about it.Tue, 08 Sep 2026 00:00:00 GMThttps://truckbusworld.com/en/models/mercedes-benz-atego/https://truckbusworld.com/en/models/mercedes-benz-atego/Seven power ratings out of two engines, 4x2 and 4x4, and a gross weight that differs between Mercedes documents — what the Atego is and what Mercedes publishes about it.Tue, 08 Sep 2026 00:00:00 GMThttps://truckbusworld.com/en/models/nooteboom-mcos/https://truckbusworld.com/en/models/nooteboom-mcos/The six named MCOS types Nooteboom's brochure tabulated, the deck, steering, suspension and ramp programme behind them, and every fifth-wheel, axle and gross-weight figure the maker has published.Tue, 08 Sep 2026 00:00:00 GMThttps://truckbusworld.com/en/models/otokar-kent/https://truckbusworld.com/en/models/otokar-kent/One name across five propulsions and lengths from 10.8 to 21 metres — what Otokar publishes for the 12-metre Kent, where its own documents disagree, and which rows stay blank.Tue, 08 Sep 2026 00:00:00 GMThttps://truckbusworld.com/en/models/renault-trucks-t/https://truckbusworld.com/en/models/renault-trucks-t/Three engine families, four cabs and a turbocompound option — what the Renault Trucks T is and what its own documents show, engine by engine and cab by cab.Tue, 08 Sep 2026 00:00:00 GMThttps://truckbusworld.com/en/models/schmitz-cargobull-s-ki/https://truckbusworld.com/en/models/schmitz-cargobull-s-ki/Schmitz Cargobull's steel tipper as its S.KI 24 SL 7.2 SR datasheet prints it: a 24,000 kg permissible bogie load, axle spacings of 1,210 and 1,310 mm, and no tare.Tue, 08 Sep 2026 00:00:00 GMThttps://truckbusworld.com/en/models/schmitz-cargobull-s-ko-cool/https://truckbusworld.com/en/models/schmitz-cargobull-s-ko-cool/A 39,000 kg permissible total, a 7,960 kg tare and a 27,000 kg bogie rating: what Schmitz publishes for its FERROPLAST reefer box semi-trailer, section by section.Tue, 08 Sep 2026 00:00:00 GMThttps://truckbusworld.com/en/models/volvo-fl/https://truckbusworld.com/en/models/volvo-fl/Two engine families from 5.1 to 7.7 litres, 4x2 and 4x4 drive, and the engine, gearbox, axle and weight tables Volvo publishes per variant.Tue, 08 Sep 2026 00:00:00 GMThttps://truckbusworld.com/en/adr-dangerous-goods-trailers/https://truckbusworld.com/en/adr-dangerous-goods-trailers/What makes a trailer an ADR trailer under ADR 2025 — the EX/II, EX/III, FL and AT designations, the approval certificate, the orange plate and the tunnel restriction code.Mon, 07 Sep 2026 00:00:00 GMThttps://truckbusworld.com/en/aerodynamic-cabs-and-length-rules/https://truckbusworld.com/en/aerodynamic-cabs-and-length-rules/Directive 96/53/EC caps an articulated vehicle at 16.50 m. Articles 8b and 9a let an aerodynamic cab or a rear device exceed it, on the condition that the extra length buys no load.Mon, 07 Sep 2026 00:00:00 GMThttps://truckbusworld.com/en/atp-refrigerated-transport/https://truckbusworld.com/en/atp-refrigerated-transport/Regulation (EC) No 37/2005 makes the food operator record air temperature and keep the record for at least a year. The ATP imposes almost the same duty, and adds the K test.Mon, 07 Sep 2026 00:00:00 GMThttps://truckbusworld.com/en/axle-ratios-and-final-drive-explained/https://truckbusworld.com/en/axle-ratios-and-final-drive-explained/What the 2.31 or 5.41 on a rear axle line counts, the five axle types Regulation (EU) 2017/2400 defines, and why the portal axle exists — for ground clearance or a low city bus floor.Mon, 07 Sep 2026 00:00:00 GMThttps://truckbusworld.com/en/bus-doors-and-emergency-exits/https://truckbusworld.com/en/bus-doors-and-emergency-exits/How UN Regulation No. 107 sets the minimum number and size, and the position, of a bus's service doors and emergency exits, and what opens a power-operated door when the supply fails.Mon, 07 Sep 2026 00:00:00 GMThttps://truckbusworld.com/en/bus-driving-licences-explained/https://truckbusworld.com/en/bus-driving-licences-explained/What categories D1, D1E, D and DE cover, the minimum ages that apply to each today, and what Directive (EU) 2025/2205 changes with effect from 26 November 2029.Mon, 07 Sep 2026 00:00:00 GMThttps://truckbusworld.com/en/bus-fire-safety-explained/https://truckbusworld.com/en/bus-fire-safety-explained/In UN R107's text up to the 11 series, a combustion engine or heater behind the driver's compartment requires fire suppression in Classes I–III; UN R118's own scope stops at M3 Classes II and III.Mon, 07 Sep 2026 00:00:00 GMThttps://truckbusworld.com/en/bus-passenger-rights-explained/https://truckbusworld.com/en/bus-passenger-rights-explained/Regulation (EU) No 181/2011 attaches to the service, not to the vehicle: what the 250 km test decides, what survives below it, and which duties an occasional service never carries.Mon, 07 Sep 2026 00:00:00 GMThttps://truckbusworld.com/en/bus-rollover-strength-r66/https://truckbusworld.com/en/bus-rollover-strength-r66/UN Regulation No. 66 names only single-deck Class II, III and B vehicles above 16 passengers. Class I, Class A and double-deckers are left out by omission — but one bus can hold two classes.Mon, 07 Sep 2026 00:00:00 GMThttps://truckbusworld.com/en/bus-seat-belts-explained/https://truckbusworld.com/en/bus-seat-belts-explained/UN Regulation No 16 requires safety belts only in Class III and Class B buses; Class I and A may be fitted, Class II where a Contracting Party demands it. Wearing them is a separate directive.Mon, 07 Sep 2026 00:00:00 GMThttps://truckbusworld.com/en/cabotage-and-posted-drivers/https://truckbusworld.com/en/cabotage-and-posted-drivers/Regulation 1072/2009 decides how much domestic work a haulier from another Member State may take. Directive 2020/1057 decides when its driver counts as posted. They are not the same rule.Mon, 07 Sep 2026 00:00:00 GMThttps://truckbusworld.com/en/driver-cpc-explained/https://truckbusworld.com/en/driver-cpc-explained/The initial qualification and periodic training a European truck or bus driver must hold under Directive (EU) 2022/2561, who is exempt, and what 2025/2205 changes.Mon, 07 Sep 2026 00:00:00 GMThttps://truckbusworld.com/en/driving-time-and-rest-rules/https://truckbusworld.com/en/driving-time-and-rest-rules/Nine hours a day, 56 a week, 90 a fortnight and a break after four and a half: what Regulation (EC) No 561/2006 limits, and why the working-time limit can bind first.Mon, 07 Sep 2026 00:00:00 GMThttps://truckbusworld.com/en/eu-road-tolls-and-co2-classes/https://truckbusworld.com/en/eu-road-tolls-and-co2-classes/Why two mechanically identical trucks pay different tolls: the five CO2 emission classes in the Eurovignette Directive, the discount bands attached to them, and what the German tariff actually shows.Mon, 07 Sep 2026 00:00:00 GMThttps://truckbusworld.com/en/european-truck-driver-supply/https://truckbusworld.com/en/european-truck-driver-supply/IRU counts around 502,000 unfilled truck driver positions in Europe, 13 per cent of the workforce. What that figure measures, and which licence and qualification rules decide who may fill it.Mon, 07 Sep 2026 00:00:00 GMThttps://truckbusworld.com/en/european-truck-registrations-explained/https://truckbusworld.com/en/european-truck-registrations-explained/ACEA reports the EU truck, bus and van market in categories it defines itself, with fixed weight thresholds. What each one counts, and what the 2025 figures said.Mon, 07 Sep 2026 00:00:00 GMThttps://truckbusworld.com/en/genuine-oe-and-aftermarket-parts/https://truckbusworld.com/en/genuine-oe-and-aftermarket-parts/What EU law means by an original part, where the competition rules stand on a warranty refused over a non-dealer part, and which replacement brake parts need approval of their own.Mon, 07 Sep 2026 00:00:00 GMThttps://truckbusworld.com/en/hgv-roadworthiness-and-roadside-checks/https://truckbusworld.com/en/hgv-roadworthiness-and-roadside-checks/How often a truck, bus or heavy trailer is tested under Directive 2014/45/EU, what happens when one is pulled in under 2014/47/EU, and how deficiencies reach an operator's risk rating.Mon, 07 Sep 2026 00:00:00 GMThttps://truckbusworld.com/en/kingpin-and-fifth-wheel/https://truckbusworld.com/en/kingpin-and-fifth-wheel/Coupling class, the D value, the imposed load U and the coupling height are the four figures that decide whether a tractor will pull a given semi-trailer, and where each one is found.Mon, 07 Sep 2026 00:00:00 GMThttps://truckbusworld.com/en/load-securing-explained/https://truckbusworld.com/en/load-securing-explained/Annex III of Directive 2014/47/EU gives a yardstick a roadside cargo check may use: 0.8 of the cargo weight forward and 0.5 sideways and rearward. What the figures mean and who answers for them.Mon, 07 Sep 2026 00:00:00 GMThttps://truckbusworld.com/en/mandatory-driver-assistance-systems/https://truckbusworld.com/en/mandatory-driver-assistance-systems/Regulation (EU) 2019/2144 phases seven advanced systems onto trucks and buses on three separate timetables. Which apply to M2, M3, N2 and N3, from when, and what a registration date proves.Mon, 07 Sep 2026 00:00:00 GMThttps://truckbusworld.com/en/new-truck-brands-entering-europe/https://truckbusworld.com/en/new-truck-brands-entering-europe/One EU whole-vehicle type-approval is valid Union-wide; national small series is capped at 250 units of a type per country a year and stops at the border. Plus what the 2024 duty covers.Mon, 07 Sep 2026 00:00:00 GMThttps://truckbusworld.com/en/repair-information-access-rights/https://truckbusworld.com/en/repair-information-access-rights/EU type-approval law gives independent operators a right to the manufacturer's OBD data, tools and repair information. What Articles 61 and 63 oblige, and what it may cost.Mon, 07 Sep 2026 00:00:00 GMThttps://truckbusworld.com/en/retarders-and-engine-braking-explained/https://truckbusworld.com/en/retarders-and-engine-braking-explained/A retarder slows a heavy vehicle on long descents without the service brakes. Hydrodynamic retarder, exhaust brake and compression brake, and what UN R13 asks of which vehicles.Mon, 07 Sep 2026 00:00:00 GMThttps://truckbusworld.com/en/road-transport-operator-licence/https://truckbusworld.com/en/road-transport-operator-licence/Regulation (EC) No 1071/2009 sets four cumulative conditions for a road transport operator — establishment, good repute, financial standing, competence — and prices each vehicle in capital.Mon, 07 Sep 2026 00:00:00 GMThttps://truckbusworld.com/en/school-transport-vehicles/https://truckbusworld.com/en/school-transport-vehicles/UN Regulation No. 107 excludes vehicles specially designed for schoolchildren from its requirements, so Europe has no school bus type. What governs the school run instead.Mon, 07 Sep 2026 00:00:00 GMThttps://truckbusworld.com/en/scr-and-adblue-explained/https://truckbusworld.com/en/scr-and-adblue-explained/Euro VI never tells a truck how much AdBlue to use. It tells the reagent system what to detect, and what to do to the vehicle once it has — under Annex 11 to UN Regulation No 49, ending at 20 km/h.Mon, 07 Sep 2026 00:00:00 GMThttps://truckbusworld.com/en/semi-trailer-dimensions/https://truckbusworld.com/en/semi-trailer-dimensions/Krone and Schmitz Cargobull both publish a 13,620 mm curtainsider deck. The EU rule that bounds it, Annex I 1.6 of Directive 96/53/EC, is measured from the kingpin, not end to end.Mon, 07 Sep 2026 00:00:00 GMThttps://truckbusworld.com/en/smart-tachograph-explained/https://truckbusworld.com/en/smart-tachograph-explained/What the second-generation smart tachograph writes down under Regulation (EU) No 165/2014, how it decides a border has been crossed, and which vehicles had to carry one by which date.Mon, 07 Sep 2026 00:00:00 GMThttps://truckbusworld.com/en/trailer-braking-systems/https://truckbusworld.com/en/trailer-braking-systems/Continuous braking, anti-lock and a pressure test connection downstream of the control line coupling head: what UN Regulation No. 13 asks of a heavy trailer, and why a mismatched pair brakes badly.Mon, 07 Sep 2026 00:00:00 GMThttps://truckbusworld.com/en/trailer-types-explained/https://truckbusworld.com/en/trailer-types-explained/Curtainsider, box, reefer, tipper, silo, skeletal and low loader — what each semi-trailer body is for, and what the choice costs in tare weight and payload.Mon, 07 Sep 2026 00:00:00 GMThttps://truckbusworld.com/en/truck-depreciation-and-book-value/https://truckbusworld.com/en/truck-depreciation-and-book-value/A heavy truck is written off over five years in the German sectoral depreciation table, or over a million kilometres if you meter it — and a lease term is read as a percentage of the same table.Mon, 07 Sep 2026 00:00:00 GMThttps://truckbusworld.com/en/truck-tyre-labelling-explained/https://truckbusworld.com/en/truck-tyre-labelling-explained/New C3 tyres placed on the EU market have had to be accompanied by a label since 1 May 2021. What the fuel efficiency, wet grip and noise classes mean, why the unit is N/kN, and what it leaves out.Mon, 07 Sep 2026 00:00:00 GMThttps://truckbusworld.com/en/models/daf-xd/https://truckbusworld.com/en/models/daf-xd/Two PACCAR engine families, five axle configurations and gross weights that DAF's sheets give per build — what the XD is and what DAF's own documents state about it.Mon, 07 Sep 2026 00:00:00 GMThttps://truckbusworld.com/en/models/mercedes-benz-citaro/https://truckbusworld.com/en/models/mercedes-benz-citaro/Four diesel bodies on one data sheet and the eCitaro's NMC4 batteries: engines, battery packs, charging, brakes, safety and weights as Mercedes-Benz publishes them.Mon, 07 Sep 2026 00:00:00 GMThttps://truckbusworld.com/en/models/mercedes-benz-eactros-600/https://truckbusworld.com/en/models/mercedes-benz-eactros-600/The battery-electric long-haul tractor's cab variants, e-axle, LFP battery, charging figures, safety systems and weights, sourced to Mercedes-Benz Trucks and Daimler Truck documents.Mon, 07 Sep 2026 00:00:00 GMThttps://truckbusworld.com/en/models/mercedes-benz-tourismo/https://truckbusworld.com/en/models/mercedes-benz-tourismo/Four models in three lengths from 12,295 to 13,935 mm, one 10.7-litre engine on the data sheet, what separates the M/2 from the M/3, and where the maker's own documents disagree.Mon, 07 Sep 2026 00:00:00 GMThttps://truckbusworld.com/en/models/solaris-urbino-12-electric/https://truckbusworld.com/en/models/solaris-urbino-12-electric/Solaris publishes open data sheets for its 12-metre electric city bus: the latest gives a central motor and a portal drive axle, and the earlier sheets describe other drives.Mon, 07 Sep 2026 00:00:00 GMThttps://truckbusworld.com/en/models/volvo-fh-electric/https://truckbusworld.com/en/models/volvo-fh-electric/Five power steps to 540 kW, 360–540 kWh installed against up to 460 kWh usable, up to 470 km of range and a 20–80 per cent CCS charge in 65 minutes — what Volvo publishes.Mon, 07 Sep 2026 00:00:00 GMThttps://truckbusworld.com/en/models/volvo-fmx/https://truckbusworld.com/en/models/volvo-fmx/Two diesel families across eight power steps on Volvo's UK specification page, ten axle configurations and rear axle GCW approvals from 44 to 150 tonnes: what Volvo's documents show about the FMX.Mon, 07 Sep 2026 00:00:00 GMThttps://truckbusworld.com/en/bus-accessibility-explained/https://truckbusworld.com/en/bus-accessibility-explained/How UN Regulation 107 makes Annex 8 accessibility compulsory for Class I buses (step heights, ramps, lifts, wheelchair spaces), defines low-floor, and binds other classes only on what is fitted.Sat, 05 Sep 2026 00:00:00 GMThttps://truckbusworld.com/en/bus-classes-explained/https://truckbusworld.com/en/bus-classes-explained/How UN Regulation No. 107 divides M2 and M3 buses into Classes I, II, III, A and B, and what each class sets for doors, gangways, standing space and passenger mass.Sat, 05 Sep 2026 00:00:00 GMThttps://truckbusworld.com/en/bus-fleet-operating-costs/https://truckbusworld.com/en/bus-fleet-operating-costs/EU bus and coach operator duties traced to their instruments: who is bound, from when, what is required, and where each obligation stops.Sat, 05 Sep 2026 00:00:00 GMThttps://truckbusworld.com/en/buying-a-used-coach/https://truckbusworld.com/en/buying-a-used-coach/The codes on a used coach's registration and roadworthiness certificates and the rules behind them, with the rules on vehicle class, tachographs, emission standards and safety systems.Sat, 05 Sep 2026 00:00:00 GMThttps://truckbusworld.com/en/city-bus-propulsion/https://truckbusworld.com/en/city-bus-propulsion/Who the EU zero-emission urban bus obligation binds and where it stops, and what makers' sheets and EU law say about diesel, hybrid, electric, trolleybus and hydrogen city buses.Sat, 05 Sep 2026 00:00:00 GMThttps://truckbusworld.com/en/coach-specifications-explained/https://truckbusworld.com/en/coach-specifications-explained/What an Otokar TERRITO school or Ulyso data sheet does and does not tell you, read against Directive 96/53/EC, UN R107 and Regulation (EU) 2021/535 — and where each limit actually applies.Sat, 05 Sep 2026 00:00:00 GMThttps://truckbusworld.com/en/automated-manual-transmissions/https://truckbusworld.com/en/automated-manual-transmissions/Why almost every European heavy tractor now shifts itself, how an automated manual differs from a torque-converter automatic, and why the gearbox is now a CO2-certification component under EU law.Fri, 04 Sep 2026 00:00:00 GMThttps://truckbusworld.com/en/axle-configurations-explained/https://truckbusworld.com/en/axle-configurations-explained/What 4x2, 6x2/4 and 8x4/4 actually mean, the EU axle and weight limits sitting behind them, and which configuration belongs on which job.Fri, 04 Sep 2026 00:00:00 GMThttps://truckbusworld.com/en/buying-a-used-truck/https://truckbusworld.com/en/buying-a-used-truck/What a used truck's papers settle — the German CO2 toll class, its tachograph for cross-border work, the roadworthiness file's mileage record, the plated weights — and why to ask for the Euro VI step.Fri, 04 Sep 2026 00:00:00 GMThttps://truckbusworld.com/en/euro-6-and-euro-7-explained/https://truckbusworld.com/en/euro-6-and-euro-7-explained/How the Euro VI steps A to E and E+ differ, when Euro 7 applies to trucks and buses, and what the new durability and on-board monitoring rules change for a fleet.Fri, 04 Sep 2026 00:00:00 GMThttps://truckbusworld.com/en/lng-and-bio-lng-trucks/https://truckbusworld.com/en/lng-and-bio-lng-trucks/The two gas engine architectures as their makers describe them, the AFIR LNG target that ran to 2024, the end of Germany's gas-truck toll exemption, and why bio-LNG leaves certified CO2 unchanged.Fri, 04 Sep 2026 00:00:00 GMThttps://truckbusworld.com/en/megawatt-charging-explained/https://truckbusworld.com/en/megawatt-charging-explained/What MCS is and which documents define it, MAN's series production of MCS trucks, the makers' charging times, Germany's truck fast-charging plan, and why AFIR does not require MCS.Fri, 04 Sep 2026 00:00:00 GMThttps://truckbusworld.com/en/reading-truck-power-figures/https://truckbusworld.com/en/reading-truck-power-figures/Why a truck's horsepower sits beside the kilowatts it is approved in, what a torque figure at 900 rpm is telling you, and the 5 kW per tonne that EU type-approval law requires.Fri, 04 Sep 2026 00:00:00 GMThttps://truckbusworld.com/en/tractor-unit-running-costs/https://truckbusworld.com/en/tractor-unit-running-costs/Fuel, driver, tolls, tyres and residual value: where the money actually goes on a European long-haul tractor, and which lines the specification sheet controls.Fri, 04 Sep 2026 00:00:00 GMThttps://truckbusworld.com/en/truck-cabs-explained/https://truckbusworld.com/en/truck-cabs-explained/What GigaSpace, Globetrotter XL and XG+ actually describe: day cab versus sleeper, interior standing height, flat floors, low-entry cabs, and the EU rules behind all of them.Fri, 04 Sep 2026 00:00:00 GMThttps://truckbusworld.com/en/truck-weights-gvw-gcw/https://truckbusworld.com/en/truck-weights-gvw-gcw/Gross vehicle weight, gross combination weight and axle loads are three separate limits in Directive 96/53/EC. What each one means, and why an axle can be over while the gross is not.Fri, 04 Sep 2026 00:00:00 GMThttps://truckbusworld.com/en/turbocompound-explained/https://truckbusworld.com/en/turbocompound-explained/What a second exhaust turbine does, the fuel figures manufacturers publish and what they are measured against, and the work the makers say it is built for.Fri, 04 Sep 2026 00:00:00 GMThttps://truckbusworld.com/en/who-builds-trucks-in-europe/https://truckbusworld.com/en/who-builds-trucks-in-europe/The six groups behind Mercedes-Benz, Scania, MAN, Volvo, Renault Trucks, DAF, IVECO and Ford Trucks: who owns which brand, where the factories are, what each builds in-house.Fri, 04 Sep 2026 00:00:00 GMThttps://truckbusworld.com/en/models/daf-xg-plus/https://truckbusworld.com/en/models/daf-xg-plus/The largest cab of the New Generation DAF XF, XG and XG+, two PACCAR multi-torque engines and a 12-speed TraXon: what the diesel XG+ offers and how it differs from the XG and XF.Fri, 04 Sep 2026 00:00:00 GMThttps://truckbusworld.com/en/models/man-tgx/https://truckbusworld.com/en/models/man-tgx/The MAN TGX of the truck generation launched in 2020: four engine families from 9 to 15.2 litres, TipMatic 12 and 14 gearboxes, GX, GM and GN cabs, axles, weights and assistance systems.Fri, 04 Sep 2026 00:00:00 GMThttps://truckbusworld.com/en/models/mercedes-benz-actros-l/https://truckbusworld.com/en/models/mercedes-benz-actros-l/What the Actros L is, the three engine families it is sold with, the seven axle configurations of its standard range and the ProCabin cab.Fri, 04 Sep 2026 00:00:00 GMThttps://truckbusworld.com/en/models/scania-s-series/https://truckbusworld.com/en/models/scania-s-series/The Scania S flat-floor cab in two lengths, the 2026 Scania Dynamic update, Super 13-litre, 13-litre, gas and V8 engines, Opticruise gearboxes and seven tractor wheel formulas.Fri, 04 Sep 2026 00:00:00 GMThttps://truckbusworld.com/en/models/volvo-fh/https://truckbusworld.com/en/models/volvo-fh/The 2020-generation FH with the D13, D13 I-Save and G13 engines, Volvo's cab range, I-Shift transmission and axle line-up as Volvo's own documents describe them.Fri, 04 Sep 2026 00:00:00 GMThttps://truckbusworld.com/en/eactros-600-explained/https://truckbusworld.com/en/eactros-600-explained/What separates 621 kWh installed from 600 kWh usable, how the 500 km range figure is footnoted, what an hour on a CCS2 charger does to a shift, and how payload compares with the eActros 400.Fri, 14 Aug 2026 00:00:00 GMT